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A variable that can change its value freely and first without being affected by any other variable(s) for its value. Usually, an independent variable is the input to a function and is normally denoted by the symbol x while y is often reserved for the dependent variable.
For example, in y = f(x) = x2, x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. The variable x is allowed to change freely while the value of y has to change as x changes.
